The Tower of Voices - What is It All About?

 The "Tower of Voices" is a 93-foot tall musical monument situated at the Flight 93 National Memorial in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, honoring the 40 passengers and crew members who perished on United Airlines Flight 93 on September 11, 2001; it includes 40 wind chimes, each symbolizing one individual, designed to create a "living memorial in sound" through the chimes activated by wind, representing the voices of those who died on the flight.

The Tower of Voices acts as both a visual and audible tribute to the bravery of the forty passengers and crew of United Flight 93. On September 09, 2018, Flight 93 National Memorial held a dedication event to finalize the last phase of construction and complete the permanent memorial. The chimes were installed and dedicated on September 10, 2020.

The tower project was built from 2017 to 2018, with the project dedication on September 9, 2018. Funding for the design and construction of the project came from private donations to the National Park Foundation and the Friends of Flight 93 National Memorial.

There are no other chime structures similar to this worldwide. The shape and orientation of the tower are intended to enhance airflow through the tower walls to reach the interior chime chamber. The chime system is created using music theory to determine a mathematically developed range of frequencies necessary to produce a distinct musical note connected with each chime. The utilized music theory ensures that the sound generated by individual chimes is musically compatible with the sound produced by the other chimes in the tower. The goal is to establish a collection of forty tones (voices) that can convey through consonance the tranquility and dignity of the site while also, through dissonance, evoking the event that sanctified the location.

The tower stands approximately ninety-three feet tall from the base to the top with various height variations. The Tower's cross section is a “C” shape with a fifteen-foot outside diameter and an eleven-foot inside diameter. The “C” shape permits sound to reflect outwards from the open side in a fan-shaped pattern. The chimes will be hung at least twenty feet above the main plaza and will be suspended from the interior walls of the tower up to the top.

The tower walls will be made of precast concrete segments connected by connectors. The chimes will consist of polished aluminum tubes ranging from eight to sixteen inches in diameter and about five to ten feet long. The size of each chime is based on the musical note and corresponding frequency it is designed to produce. Chimes of this size and scale do not currently exist globally. The chimes are wind-activated and will include internal strikers connected to sails extending from the bottom of each chime.

The tower is encircled by circular layers of white pines and deciduous vegetation. The circular plantings can be seen as echoing “sound waves” from the Tower, referencing the auditory characteristics of the chimes contained within. A straightforward paved pathway connects the tower to the parking lot. A more extensive, winding crushed stone trail meanders through the trees and provides visitors with a different route to the tower. All other landscaped sections of the project will feature a native wildflower seed blend comparable to other landscaped regions of the park.

The Flight 93 National Memorial & Chapel

 

On September 10, 2015, the Flight 93 National Memorial Visitor Center Complex was dedicated housing exhibits  that serves as a self-guided intellectual understanding of visitors in an emotional experience of viewing and walking along the crash site itself.

Visitors can only view the crash site from the Memorial Plaza, - just a few distances away from the crash site. 

The impact site is reflected by a large  boulder which can be clearly captured by a good camera angle.

Take note that visitors are not allowed to step on the actual grounds of the crash site, the fact that the 40-considered heroes remains are still there! The fields and woods beyond that boulder are where the human remains lie until today!

The main goal and the "heart" of the existence of this memorial is the fact that it is now the final resting place of the 40 passengers and crew of UA Flight 93 and will remain untouched!

The memorial includes a viewing window, a bookstore, the Flight Path Walkway, and the Overlook.

The memorial plaza holds the names of those 40 passengers and crews inscribed on the wall as it stretches on the flight of the plane tracks during its crashing. It is called the "Wall of Names".

About 3 miles away, is the UAL Flight 93 Memorial Chapel. It is a 100-year old non-denominational chapel made as a spiritual memorial and tribute in honor of the Heroes of Flight 93. 

It was founded by Rev. Alphonse Mascherino, a Catholic priest for 34 years and handed it down on January 26, 2013.

At the back of the chapel is the Flight 93 Crew Monument, built and dedicated to the 40 heroes, made up of a 16-ton black granite obelisk donated by the UA Flight Attendants Cause Foundation on September 11, 2006.

St. Kitts Rail & Scenic Drive

 St. Kitts known as Christopher  Island, together with its neighbor Nevis, makes up a single two-island nation.

St. Kitts was the first English colony in the Caribbean.

One way of seeing the entire island is from the comfort of double-deck railcars which have a seat on both levels. Choose the upper level which is more spacious, with an open-air observation deck which helps you see stunning panoramic views. 

The St. Kitts Scenic Railway was originally built to transport sugar cane in the older days. Nowadays, it became a productive way to explore the island by transporting tourists who come to visit and learn more about St. Kitts.

The train tracks cover the northeastern coastline that reflects spectacular vistas of cliffs, ocean, surf and lush vegetation.

Riding by rail is 18 miles, and 12 miles by bus, making a total of 30-mile circle around the island. The railroad winds through small villages and farmland, rolling over massive steel bridges that span steep "ghuts" or gorges.

Photo credit to the rightful owner

The volcanic cone of Mt. Liamuiga rises above the railway and some rippling sugar cane fields edge dark green rain forests.

Visitors can see the island in a short amount of time, but thanks to this special rail highway experience!

As the train passes old sugar cane plantations, with abandoned chimneys and windmills, your tour guide will point out all the sites.

You will also see the old road town, where Sir Thomas Warner, founder of the English colony on St. Kitts, is buried next to his friend Samuel Jackson, the great, great grandfather of US president Thomas Jefferson. Other included sites you'll pass by is the Brimstone Hill Fortress, the British "Gibraltar of the Caribbean", and St. Paul's Village, - the home of Sir Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw, the first national hero of St. Kitts.

The nearby island of Nevis is where Alexander Hamilton was born.

Tour duration is approximately 2 hours by rail and 45 minutes by bus.

Tower of Pisa - Why Is It Leaning?

 

Although there has been many controversies about the foundations of the tower due to its faulty construction, the leaning tower became popular all around the world.

However, it's been an interesting fact to know the answer of the most commonly asked question, - "why is the tower of Pisa leaning?"

(I'll try to post the basics as much as I can in relation to the facts provided. 😊)

The leaning tower of Pisa is a free standing bell tower of the Pisa Cathedral well known for its nearly 4-degree lean due to an unstable foundation. It is standing behind the Pisa Cathedral and the Pisa Baptisery. It is considered to be the 3rd oldest structure in the city's Cathedral square.

The tower's height on the high side is 56.67 meters (185.93ft.) from the ground, and 55.86 meters (183.27ft.) on the low side. The wall's width at the base is 2.44m. (8ft. 0.06 in.) and its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons. it also has 296/294 steps; - where the 7th floor has 2 fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.

The construction of the tower was built in 3 stages for more than 199 years.

On August 9, 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid with a ground floor of a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.

In 1178, the tower started to sink after the construction had started on the 2nd floor, due to a 3-meter foundation set in an unstable, weak soil, which was considered to be the cause of flaw from the start of construction.
Construction was then stopped for almost a century to allow time for the underlying soil to settle, and at the same time, the people of Pisa were involved actively in various military wars and trade agreements during that time.

In 1272, construction was resumed under the leadership of Giovanni di Simone, - a master builder and architect of the Camposanto. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, they built upper floors with one side taller than the other, - the reason why the tower is curved.

In 1319, the 7th floor was completed, and the bell chamber was finally added in 1372, built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who incorporated gothic styles of the belfry with Romanesque style of the tower. It includes 7 bells, the largest one installed in 1655.

For more than 800 years, they discovered that the tower was actually falling at a rate of 1-2 millimeters per year. Many efforts were done to restore the tower or to keep it from falling over but failed!...some people even worsened it!

The architects and engineers attempted to correct the leaning by making the other stories shorter on the high side but didn't work, and instead kept the tower leaning more. It was also noted later that the cause of the lean was due to the foundation stones being laid on the soft ground consisting of clay, fine sand and shells. Also, the weight of the extra floors caused the edifice to sink further and lean more.

On January 7, 1990, the tower was closed with more than 2 decades of stabilization studies, and as a precaution by the sudden collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989.
The bells added were removed to relieve some weight and cables were cinched around the 3rd level and anchored several hundred meters.

In an effort to reduce the tilt, they selected a method by a soil removal of 38 cu. meters (1,342 cu.ft.) from underneath the raised end, in which the tower tilt was reduced by 45 cm. (17.7 inches), returning to its 1838 position.

Between 1993-2001, the structure was stabilized, reducing the tilt to 3.97 degrees. The adding of 870 tons of lead counterweights straightened the tower slightly.

On December 15, 2001, the tower was reopened and was declared stable for at least 300 years. |In May  2008, engineers declared that the tower had been stabilized that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history.